How to Dry Herbs & Vegetables Without a Dehydrator

Drying herbs and vegetables is a fantastic way to preserve your garden’s bounty or leftover farmer’s market produce for use year-round. While a food dehydrator can speed up the process, you don’t need special equipment to successfully dry your produce. Many herbs and vegetables can be air-dried or dried in the oven with minimal effort. Here’s how to do it, plus tips to ensure the best results.

Herbs & Vegetables That Can Be Dried Without a Dehydrator

Herbs
• Basil
• Oregano
• Thyme
• Rosemary
• Sage
• Mint
• Parsley
• Dill
• Chives
• Marjoram

Vegetables
• Tomatoes (for making sun-dried tomatoes in the oven)
• Peppers (hot or sweet)
• Onions
• Garlic
• Mushrooms
• Kale
• Spinach
• Carrots (grated or sliced thin)
• Zucchini (sliced or shredded)

Air-Drying Method
Air-drying is ideal for herbs and certain vegetables that don’t have a high moisture content. This method works best in a dry, warm, and well-ventilated area.

Steps for Air-Drying Herbs
1. Harvest herbs in the morning after the dew has evaporated but before the heat of the day.
2. Gently shake off any dirt or rinse lightly and pat dry with a towel.
3. Gather small bunches (about five to ten stems) and tie them together with twine or a rubber band.
4. Hang the bunches upside down in a warm, dark, and well-ventilated space, like a pantry or a covered porch.
5. Depending on humidity levels, herbs will dry in 1-2 weeks. They are ready when they crumble easily.
6. Remove the leaves from the stems and store them in airtight containers away from direct sunlight.

Steps for Air-Drying Vegetables
• Thinly slice low-moisture vegetables like peppers and onions.
• Lay them out on a clean, breathable surface like a mesh rack or parchment paper in a dry, warm area.
• Turn them every few days to ensure even drying.
• Once brittle, store them in airtight containers.

Oven-Drying Method
For vegetables and moisture-rich herbs, oven drying is a more reliable option.

Steps for Oven-Drying Herbs & Vegetables
1. Preheat your oven to the lowest setting (typically 150-200°F).
2. Arrange herbs or vegetable slices in a single layer on a baking sheet lined with parchment paper.
3. Leave the oven door slightly open to allow moisture to escape (you can prop it open with a wooden spoon).
4. Check herbs after 1-2 hours; they should crumble easily.
5. Vegetables may take 4-6 hours depending on thickness. Flip them halfway through drying.
6. Once fully dry, cool completely before storing in airtight containers.

Tips for Successful Drying
• Choose the best produce: Only dry fresh, unblemished herbs and vegetables for the best flavor and storage quality.
• Avoid damp conditions: Humidity can slow drying and promote mold.

Ensure a dry environment for air-drying.
• Store properly: Keep dried herbs and vegetables in airtight containers in a cool, dark place to retain freshness.
• Label your jars: Include the drying date to track freshness. Most dried herbs last up to a year, while dried vegetables can last even longer.
• Test for dryness: If a vegetable bends instead of breaking, it needs more drying time.

A well-planned vegetable garden can provide fresh, nutritious produce while maximizing space and resources efficiently. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced gardener, careful planning is key to a successful harvest. We’re here to walk you through every step—from selecting a location to harvesting your crops, ensuring a productive, and enjoyable gardening experience.

Selecting the Right Location

The success of your vegetable garden begins with choosing the best location. Most vegetables require at least six to eight hours of direct sunlight daily. Look for an area with well-draining soil to prevent waterlogging, and avoid spots where water pools after rain. A nearby water source is essential for convenient irrigation, as vegetables need consistent moisture. Additionally, consider wind protection—installing a fence or planting shrubs can shield delicate plants from harsh gusts. Accessibility is also important; placing your garden near your home makes it easier to maintain and harvest.

Determining Your Garden Size and Type

The size of your garden depends on your available space, time commitment, and experience level. Beginners may start with a smaller plot, such as a 4×4-foot raised bed, before expanding. Traditional in-ground gardens require more space and effort but can accommodate a greater variety of crops. Raised beds offer better drainage and soil quality control, while container gardening works well for patios and small spaces. If you’re new to gardening, it’s wise to start small and gradually increase the size as you gain confidence.

Choosing the Right Crops

Selecting vegetables that thrive in your climate is essential. We are in Zone 7, which means we have a temperate climate and a medium-length growing season. Also consider your family’s eating habits—growing what you enjoy eating makes the effort worthwhile. Some beginner-friendly crops include:

• Leafy Greens (Lettuce, Spinach, Kale) – Quick to mature and suitable for small spaces.
• Tomatoes and Peppers – Require warm weather and staking for support.
• Root Vegetables (Carrots, Radishes, Beets) – Ideal for loose, well-draining soil.
• Herbs (Basil, Parsley, Cilantro) – Easy to grow in containers and require minimal space.

For maximum efficiency, incorporate succession planting—replacing harvested crops with new ones to extend the growing season.

Designing the Garden Layout

A well-planned layout optimizes space and ensures healthy plant growth. Consider these design principles:

• Rows vs. Raised Beds: Traditional row planting works well for large gardens, while raised beds improve drainage and reduce soil compaction.
• Companion Planting: Some plants support each other’s growth—basil enhances tomatoes, while beans add nitrogen to the soil for corn.
• Vertical Gardening: Trellises and stakes save space and provide support for climbing plants like peas and cucumbers.
• Pathways: Ensure easy access to all plants for watering, weeding, and harvesting.

Sketch a rough garden plan before planting to visualize spacing and arrangement.

Understanding Planting Schedules

Timing your plantings correctly ensures a steady harvest. Begin by checking your area’s last frost date, as this determines when you can safely plant outdoors. In Lynchburg, our final frost date is projected to be April 23 this year (2025). Many vegetables can be grouped into three seasonal categories:

• Cool-Season Crops (Spring & Fall): Lettuce, broccoli, and peas thrive in cooler temperatures.
• Warm-Season Crops (Summer): Tomatoes, peppers, and squash require heat to flourish.
• Succession Crops: Radishes and lettuce can be planted in intervals to provide continuous harvests.

Consider keeping a garden journal to track planting dates, growth progress, and harvest yields for future reference.

Preparing the Soil

Healthy soil is the foundation of a productive garden. Follow these steps to ensure nutrient-rich soil:

1. Conduct a Soil Test: Kits are available at garden centers to measure pH and nutrient levels.
2. Amend as Needed: Adjust pH with lime (to raise) or sulfur (to lower) and enrich the soil with compost, aged manure, or organic matter.
3. Aerate and Loosen: Till or manually turn over the soil to improve drainage and root penetration.
4. Apply Mulch: A layer of straw, leaves, or wood chips helps retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Planting and Caring for Your Garden

Once your soil is ready, it’s time to plant. Follow these guidelines for best results:

• Seeds vs. Transplants: Some plants, like beans and carrots, grow best from direct-seeded plants, while others, like tomatoes and peppers, benefit from nursery transplants.
• Proper Spacing: Overcrowding leads to poor air circulation and increased disease risk. Follow spacing recommendations on seed packets.
• Watering: Vegetables need about one inch of water per week. Water deeply in the morning to prevent evaporation and disease.
• Weeding and Pest Control: Regular weeding prevents competition for nutrients. Use natural pest deterrents like neem oil, insecticidal soap, or row covers.

Harvesting and Storing Your Produce

Each vegetable has an optimal harvesting time. Picking at peak ripeness ensures the best flavor and texture. General harvesting tips include:

• Lettuce and Herbs: Harvest outer leaves as needed to encourage continued growth.
• Tomatoes: Pick when fully colored but still firm.
• Zucchini and Cucumbers: Pick frequently to encourage more production.
• Root Vegetables: Gently pull from the soil when they reach the recommended size.

Proper storage extends the shelf life of your harvest. Leafy greens last longer when wrapped in damp paper towels and stored in the fridge, while root vegetables keep well in cool, dark conditions. Tomatoes should be stored at room temperature for the best flavor.

End-of-Season Cleanup and Future Planning

Once the growing season ends, cleaning up the garden prepares it for next year’s success. Remove spent plants and compost healthy plant material to enrich the soil. Avoid composting diseased plants to prevent future issues. Consider planting a cover crop like clover or rye to replenish nutrients and prevent soil erosion over winter.

Additionally, reflect on what worked well and what didn’t. Keeping notes on crop performance, pest challenges, and harvest yields helps refine your approach for next season. Properly clean and store gardening tools to extend their lifespan and maintain efficiency.

By: Lindsey Cline-Shrader

Whether you clink champagne glasses in your cocktail best or from your couch, it’s impossible to escape the fever of new beginnings this time of year. The new year buzzes with the promise of fresh starts, making it the perfect time to nurture a new garden ethic or adventure. Here are three impactful garden resolutions for 2025: transitioning to organic methods, creating pollinator havens, and starting a lush vegetable patch.

1. Make the Switch to Sustainable Gardening

Sustainable gardening fosters healthier, more resilient gardens that benefit both your backyard and the ecosystem beyond.

One impactful way to begin this transition is to cease herbicide and pesticide use. These toxic chemicals seep into the soil and trickle into waterways, disrupting soil microbes that form the base of our delicate food web and decimating beneficial insect populations, such as bees and butterflies.

Embracing organic weed control protects the delicate balance of beneficial life thriving in your garden. In garden beds, simple practices like mulching, which suppresses weeds while enriching the soil, or hand-pulling persistent invaders can replace chemical sprays’ quick but damaging effects. Ask yourself if you can make peace with dandelions and violets in your lawn? (No one has yet to criticize my less-than-perfect turf.)

There are gentler options than commercial herbicides for stubborn weeds in stonework. If aggressive crabgrass or the like threatens to take over your patio, try flame weeding, which involves burning weeds with a propane torch (check local fire restrictions before doing so). Or, a mixture of three-part vinegar to one-part table salt and several drops of dish soap acts as a natural weed killer. (Many recipes call for commercial-grade vinegar, which I find unnecessary.) This mixture also damages soil, but the effects are reduced in paved areas and far less catastrophic than industrial herbicides.

Occasionally, herbicides may be the most effective solution for removing invasive species. In these instances, paint it on newly cut stems, roots, or stumps with a paintbrush rather than spraying to reduce environmental impacts. As always, wear protective gear. Be aware that in response to lawsuits over Roundup’s links to cancer, chemical company Bayer recently replaced glyphosate, the active ingredient in most Roundup products, with new herbicides. Unfortunately, independent studies suggest these replacements are even more toxic to insects, trees, and humans than the original glyphosate-based formulas. Glyphosate is still available at local garden stores.

By avoiding insecticides, we protect beneficial predators and allow plants to strengthen their defenses through natural insect interactions. Insects improve plant resiliency—a nibble from a caterpillar or nematode encourages plants to utilize their natural defenses by producing protective compounds or toughening their tissues. This interaction helps plants adapt, boosting their defenses against future insects. Plants’ roots send out signals to one another, helping entire plant communities maintain resiliency.

Spiders and predator insects, such as wasps, praying mantes, ladybugs, and beetles, help control prey insect populations like mosquitoes and flies. Insecticides indiscriminately kill beneficial insects and disrupt this natural pest control. Transitioning to organic gardening may require patience and dedication, but the reward is a garden full of resilient, vibrant life.

2. Create a Pollinator Paradise

Pollinators are critical to ecosystems and food production, yet they face increasing threats. This year, take simple steps to create a sanctuary for them by leaving perennial stems high, fallen leaves where they lie, and planting for all three seasons.

Leaf cover and plant stems are vital winter shelters for overwintering insects. By letting leaves remain in your garden beds, you mimic the forest floor’s rich, insulating carpet, cradling insect life through the colder months while enriching your soil. Similarly, hollow plant stems and native grasses offer nesting and hiding places, protecting pollinators in their most vulnerable states.

Three seasons of blooming plant life sustains pollinators (and ourselves) throughout the year. While summer blooms are easily covered, early spring and late fall bloomers fill essential gaps for pollinators. Early-blooming ephemerals like bloodroot, Virginia bluebells, or native trees provide much-needed nectar for emerging pollinators. Late-season stalwarts like asters and goldenrods support these crucial creatures as they head into hibernation or prepare for migration.

3. Grow Your Own Fresh Harvest

Amidst busy lives, harvesting a sun-warmed tomato or a crisp kale leaf from your garden is profoundly fulfilling. Starting a vegetable patch is a New Year’s resolution that not only reduces waste and promises a bounty of fresh, healthy food but creates a deeper connection to nature (and, per my therapist, counts as rest for the busy-minded).

Perennials are an easy gateway to gardening as they forgive the constant seeding and weeding. Plant them once, and they’ll reward you with years of harvests and minimal upkeep. My favorites are blueberry and currant shrubs and a grape arbor, which also provides summer shade. Perennials like asparagus, artichokes, and rhubarb (as well as annual squashes) require space but little else.

If you’re going for gold, raised beds offer better drainage and soil depth. Two 4’ x 4’ cedar raised beds keep our family flush with easy-to-grow cucumbers, kale, tomatoes, garlic, and green beans. Rich, loamy soil gives vegetables the best start, and a drip hose will keep them thriving throughout the season.

These three garden resolutions reflect care for the environment, an eye for natural beauty, and a heart for personal growth. Here’s to a year of sowing new habits and reaping the rewards. Next year, we’ll toast your success among your flourishing sanctuary, whether it be a drift of milkweed, a simple patch of pumpkins, or a thriving space full of blooms.

As winter settles in, many of us retreat indoors to escape the chill, but there’s a whole world of activity outside that’s worth paying attention to—especially when it comes to birds. Winter birdwatching can be a rewarding hobby, and by creating a bird-friendly garden, you can provide crucial support to our feathered friends during the colder months. With the right food, water, and shelter, your garden can become a safe haven for local birds, many of which may visit your backyard throughout the winter season. For those living in Central Virginia, a diverse range of bird species can be spotted, making it the perfect opportunity to turn your garden into a winter bird sanctuary.

Providing Food: A Lifeline for Winter Birds

In the harsh winter months, food becomes the most critical resource for birds. In Central Virginia, where winters can be cold and often snowy, many birds rely on garden feeders for sustenance when natural food sources are scarce. Offering the right mix of seeds, suet, and other food options will attract a variety of species to your garden.

Seed Feeders
Black oil sunflower seeds are a winter favorite among many bird species, offering high fat content and energy. A good option for both tube and platform feeders, they are ideal for attracting Northern Cardinals, Blue Jays, and Chickadees. You can also try mixing in sunflower seed hearts, which are husk-free and less messy.

Suet
Suet is an excellent choice during the winter because it’s high in fat, providing birds with the necessary energy to endure the cold. Hang suet cakes or balls in mesh bags from trees or feeders to attract woodpeckers, nuthatches, and even Carolina Wrens. Adding bits of dried fruit or peanuts to suet can entice even more bird varieties.

Nyjer (Thistle) Seed
Nyjer seed is a high-energy food loved by small songbirds, especially American Goldfinches and Pine Siskins. These finches tend to flock to feeders with thistle seed, particularly during the winter months when their natural food sources are limited.

Peanuts and Other Nuts
In Central Virginia, you can expect to attract birds like Blue Jays, Chickadees, and Titmice with peanuts. Whole or shelled peanuts, either in feeders or placed in the yard, will encourage these birds to visit. If you’re hoping to attract the large and colorful Red-bellied Woodpecker, consider offering cracked corn or peanut butter as well.

Fruit
In addition to seeds and suet, offering fruit like oranges, apples, and raisins can attract robins, Eastern Bluebirds, and even Cedar Waxwings, all of which may migrate through the region in winter or stay year-round. Simply slice the fruit and hang it in trees or on a feeder.

Providing Water: Essential for Survival in the Winter

Water is just as important as food for birds during the winter months. While birds can often find food at feeders, they struggle to find fresh, unfrozen water. Providing a constant supply of water can make your garden even more appealing to winter birds.

Birdbaths
A birdbath is one of the best ways to offer water to wintering birds. Be sure to keep the water from freezing. There are various options for birdbath heaters that keep the water from freezing even in cold temperatures. If a heated bath is not an option, placing a shallow pan of water in a sheltered area (and changing it regularly) can help. Birds like Northern Cardinals, Mourning Doves, and even the occasional Downy Woodpecker will appreciate a consistent water source during the winter.

Running Water
If you have the means, a small fountain or drip water feature is even more enticing for birds. The sound of running water attracts species like American Robins, Brown Thrashers, and Carolina Wrens. A small, solar-powered fountain or a drip line connected to a garden hose can add both visual appeal and much-needed hydration.

Providing Shelter: Creating Safe, Cozy Spots for Birds

Winter is harsh, and birds need shelter to stay warm and protected from predators. Creating safe spaces for birds to perch, roost, and nest is crucial for ensuring their survival during the cold months.

Native Shrubs and Trees
Planting native shrubs and trees in your garden is one of the best ways to provide shelter. Evergreen trees such as pines, spruces, and firs offer year-round cover, especially during snowstorms or heavy winds. Many birds, including Northern Cardinals, Tufted Titmice, and Red-tailed Hawks, will use the dense foliage of these trees to hide from predators or to roost in comfort.

Nest Boxes
Even though many birds aren’t nesting in the winter, a properly placed nest box can provide important shelter. Many species, including Chickadees, Nuthatches, and Eastern Bluebirds, use nest boxes in winter as sheltered resting spots. Be sure to clean out old nests and position the boxes away from heavy winds, ideally in a more sheltered part of your yard.

Brush Piles and Rock Piles
Piles of branches, logs, and rocks create a natural, low-maintenance shelter for birds. These areas provide cover for smaller birds, such as Sparrows and Juncos, who will use them as places to hide from predators or rest. The fallen leaves can also help to insulate the ground and provide additional shelter.

Thick Hedgerows
Thick hedgerows or dense shrubs can provide both shelter and food. Species like the Eastern Towhee, Northern Flicker, and various sparrows love these areas for both protection and food. Dense shrubs are also an excellent place for birds to take refuge during snowy days.

Common Winter Birds in Central Virginia

Winter birdwatching in Central Virginia offers the chance to see a wide variety of species. Some common birds that can be spotted during the winter months include:

• Northern Cardinal: Known for their striking red plumage, cardinals are year-round residents and are often seen flitting around feeders during the colder months.
• Blue Jay: These vibrant, intelligent birds are often found around feeders, particularly if you’re offering peanuts or sunflower seeds.
• Dark-eyed Junco: Commonly seen foraging on the ground beneath bird feeders, these small sparrows are a familiar sight in winter gardens.
• Carolina Wren: With their cheery songs and energetic behavior, these small, brown birds can often be found in shrubby areas or near birdhouses.
• Downy Woodpecker: A regular visitor to suet feeders, this small woodpecker is known for its drumming on tree trunks.
• American Goldfinch: Often seen at thistle feeders, these small yellow songbirds brighten up the winter landscape.
• White-throated Sparrow: With their distinctive white throat and striking plumage, these sparrows are often seen hopping around under feeders.
• Mourning Dove: These graceful birds are common winter residents in Central Virginia, often seen perched on tree branches or foraging on the ground.

A Winter Wonderland for Birds

Creating a bird-friendly garden in winter is not only a great way to support wildlife, but it also provides an opportunity for birdwatchers to enjoy the beauty and diversity of nature right in their own backyard. By providing food, water, and shelter, you’ll attract a range of species to your garden, creating a lively, colorful atmosphere even on the coldest of days. Whether you’re watching a Northern Cardinal perch on a snow-covered branch or observing a Downy Woodpecker feeding on suet, winter birdwatching in Central Virginia is a peaceful and rewarding way to connect with nature throughout the season.

A Step-by-Step Guide to Assembling Your Own Holiday Wreath with Foraged Materials

reating your own holiday wreath is a delightful way to bring the spirit of the season into your home. Using foraged materials not only adds a personal touch but also connects you with the natural beauty of your surroundings. In Lynchburg, Virginia, the months of November and December offer a variety of options for gathering materials that can elevate your wreath-making experience.

Gather Your Materials
To start, you’ll want to gather your materials. Venture outdoors, perhaps on a brisk afternoon, to explore local parks, gardens, or even your own backyard. Look for evergreen branches, such as pine, cedar, or fir, which can serve as the base for your wreath. These hardy evergreens retain their color and scent throughout the winter months, creating a lush foundation. You can also find holly branches, with their bright red berries adding a festive pop of color. Additionally, consider foraging for other elements like magnolia leaves or even twigs and dried grasses that can provide texture and interest to your design.

Prepare Your Workspace
Once you’ve gathered your materials, the next step is to prepare your workspace. Choose a flat surface where you can comfortably work. Lay out your foraged items so that you can easily see and select what you’d like to use. If you have a wire frame, this can be an excellent base for your wreath. However, if you prefer a more natural look, you can simply bind your materials together with floral wire or twine. Make sure to have scissors or pruning shears on hand for cutting branches to your desired length.

Build the Base
Starting with your evergreen branches, create a circular shape by overlapping the stems. Begin at the top of your frame and work your way around, securing each layer with floral wire or twine. This overlapping technique not only provides stability but also creates a fuller appearance. As you build the wreath, take a moment to step back and assess the overall look. Adjust the placement of the branches to achieve a balanced and harmonious design.

Add Decorative Elements
Once the base is established, it’s time to add your decorative elements. Integrating holly branches adds visual interest and contrast. Carefully position these among the evergreen, ensuring they are evenly distributed for a cohesive appearance. If you’ve gathered other materials like pinecones or dried citrus slices, these can also be added at this stage. For a rustic feel, you might even consider incorporating bits of burlap or ribbon. Layering these elements will enhance the wreath’s texture and depth, making it a truly unique creation.

After you’ve arranged all the materials to your liking, secure any loose elements with additional floral wire or hot glue. This step is crucial, especially if you plan to hang your wreath on a door where it may be subjected to movement from wind or visitors. Take the time to ensure everything is firmly attached, so your creation will withstand the holiday season.

Display and Enjoy
Once your wreath is complete, think about how you would like to display it. A simple nail can work wonders for hanging but consider using a decorative hook or a ribbon that complements the colors in your wreath for a more polished look. The choice of a hanging method can add another layer of personalization to your project. A door wreath greets guests and family, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere.

As you admire your handiwork, consider the natural and seasonal beauty reflected in your creation. This wreath is more than a decorative item; it’s a celebration of the local landscape and a reminder of the connections we share with nature. Using foraged materials not only enriches your wreath but also fosters a deeper appreciation for your surroundings and the beauty that can be found even in the winter months.

In the spirit of the holidays, think about how this wreath can be a symbol of gratitude. Each element you’ve collected holds a story, whether it’s the quiet strength of an evergreen or the vibrant cheer of holly berries. This connection can serve as a reminder of the importance of community and nature in our lives. As you hang your wreath, reflect on the joy of creating something unique and meaningful, fostering a sense of mindfulness during a busy season.

Ultimately, assembling your own holiday wreath using foraged materials allows for creativity, sustainability, and a personal touch that store-bought decorations can rarely match. This process not only provides a satisfying activity but also cultivates a deeper connection with the world around you. The resulting wreath becomes a testament to the beauty of nature in its raw form, offering warmth and cheer to your home during the holiday season. Embrace the experience of crafting, and let your wreath serve as a cherished reminder of the joys found in both nature and creativity.

What to Look For

Look for these materials to complete your wreath

• Evergreen Branches: Look for pine, cedar, and fir. These varieties are abundant and provide a lush base for your wreath.
• Holly: The glossy leaves and bright red berries of holly add a festive touch and are easily found in wooded areas.
• Magnolia Leaves: These large, leathery leaves provide an elegant texture and can be foraged from local magnolia trees.
• Pinecones: Collect fallen pinecones from the ground. They add a rustic element and can be used whole or broken apart for embellishment.
• Dried Grasses: Look for ornamental grasses or other dried varieties. They can add height and interest to your design.
• Berries: In addition to holly, you may find other berry-producing plants like winterberry, juniper, or sumac, which can add vibrant color.
• Twigs and Branches: Thin twigs can be used to create a natural frame or added for texture. Birch twigs, with their stunning white and black texture, would be particularly beautiful.
• Dried Citrus Slices: While not foraged, if you have leftover citrus fruits, drying slices of oranges or lemons can add a beautiful pop of color and fragrance.

As we enter into the fall season, the natural world undergoes a remarkable transformation. This shift presents a wonderful opportunity for wildlife watching, as various species prepare for the winter months. By creating an inviting environment in your garden, you can attract and observe a diverse array of local wildlife, making your outdoor space a sanctuary for nature’s wonders.

Understanding Local Wildlife

Lynchburg’s diverse ecosystems provide a habitat for a range of wildlife. As the fall season sets in, many birds, mammals, and insects begin to exhibit different behaviors in preparation for the winter ahead. You might encounter migratory birds like the American robin and the dark-eyed junco, which return to the area in search of food and shelter. Additionally, deer become more active as they forage for sustenance to build their fat reserves, while squirrels and chipmunks gather nuts and seeds to stash away for colder months. Understanding these behaviors is key to enhancing your wildlife-watching experience.

Planting Native Flora

One of the most effective ways to attract wildlife to your garden is by planting native flora. Native plants are well-adapted to the local climate and soil conditions, providing essential food and habitat for various species. Consider incorporating flowering plants that bloom in late summer and fall, such as goldenrod and asters. These flowers not only add beauty to your garden but also attract pollinators like bees and butterflies, which are still active in early fall.

Additionally, consider planting shrubs that produce berries, such as serviceberry or elderberry. These provide crucial food sources for birds as they prepare for migration. By creating a diverse landscape with native plants, you can offer a welcoming environment for local wildlife while supporting the ecosystem.

Providing Food Sources

As the weather cools, wildlife will be on the lookout for reliable food sources. To attract birds and small mammals, consider setting up feeders filled with seeds, nuts, and suet. A platform feeder is an excellent choice for accommodating a variety of birds, including cardinals, chickadees, and finches. Ensure that your feeders are clean and well-stocked, especially during migration periods, as many species rely on these resources to fuel their journeys.

For ground-dwelling animals, leaving some areas of your garden undisturbed can provide natural food sources. Allow fallen leaves and native plants to remain; they can attract insects and provide shelter for small mammals. Additionally, consider creating a small compost pile, which not only recycles kitchen scraps but can also attract earthworms and other critters that serve as food for local wildlife.

Water Sources and Shelter

Water is essential for wildlife, especially during the dry fall months. Installing a birdbath or a small pond can create a reliable water source. Ensure the birdbath is shallow with gentle slopes, making it accessible for various species. Change the water regularly to keep it clean and inviting.

In addition to food and water, providing shelter is vital for attracting wildlife. Create cozy hiding spots by incorporating brush piles, native shrubs, and grasses into your landscape. These structures offer cover for small mammals, birds, and insects, giving them a safe haven from predators and harsh weather. If you have space, consider adding a small log cabin or bat house to support local species and encourage biodiversity in your garden.

Observing Wildlife

Once you’ve established an inviting environment for wildlife, the next step is to enjoy the experience of observing them. Set up a comfortable spot in your garden where you can sit quietly, perhaps with a chair or a blanket. Early mornings and late afternoons are ideal times for wildlife watching, as many animals are most active during these hours.

To enhance your observation experience, consider keeping a journal or a sketchbook to record your sightings. Noting the different species you encounter, their behaviors, and the time of day can deepen your appreciation for the local ecosystem. A pair of binoculars can be invaluable for getting a closer look at birds and other wildlife without disturbing them.

Engaging the Community

Wildlife watching can also be a community activity. Join local nature groups or attend wildlife observation events in the Lynchburg area to connect with others who share your interest. Many organizations offer guided walks or workshops that can enhance your understanding of local species and their habitats. Participating in community science projects can also contribute to broader conservation efforts and promote awareness of local wildlife.

Respecting Wildlife

While observing and attracting wildlife can be incredibly rewarding, it’s essential to approach this activity with respect for the creatures you’re observing. Maintain a safe distance to avoid causing stress or disruption to their natural behaviors. Refrain from feeding wildlife human food, as it can be harmful to their health and alter their natural foraging instincts.

In addition, be mindful of your garden practices. Avoid using pesticides and chemicals that can negatively impact local wildlife. Instead, consider organic gardening methods to maintain a healthy ecosystem that supports both plants and animals.

As fall settles in Lynchburg, transforming your garden into a welcoming habitat for local wildlife can enhance your outdoor experience and deepen your connection with nature. By planting native flora, providing food and water sources, creating shelter, and observing respectfully, you can attract a diverse range of species to your backyard. Not only will this enrich your own life, but it will also contribute to the preservation of the local ecosystem, fostering a thriving environment for future generations of wildlife watchers. So grab your binoculars, settle into your garden, and enjoy the beauty of fall wildlife in your own backyard.

As the crisp autumn air settles in, our gardens transition into a season of harvest and preparation. While we bid farewell to the summer heat, October offers a fresh wave of opportunities for both indoor and outdoor gardening. Let’s dive into your essential October checklist to ensure a flourishing garden through the cooler months.

Indoors

1. Bring in Houseplants: If you haven’t already, relocate any houseplants that enjoyed their summer vacation outdoors. Inspect them closely for pests before bringing them inside, and give them a thorough rinse to remove any hitchhikers.
2. Storage Preparation: Now is the time to organize your storage vegetables. Clean, cure, and store potatoes, onions, and winter squash in a cool, dark place. Consider preserving any excess by canning, freezing, or drying—perfect for enjoying those garden-fresh flavors all winter long!
3. Plant Indoors: If you’re keen on a little green during the colder months, consider starting an indoor herb garden. Basil, parsley, and chives thrive on a sunny windowsill, bringing freshness to your kitchen year-round.

Outdoors

1. Harvest Time: October is the month for a bounty of harvests! Pick pumpkins, squash, and late-season crops like carrots and beets before the first frost hits. Handle them gently to avoid bruising, which can lead to quicker spoilage.
2. Continue Planting: There’s still time to sow a variety of cold-hardy crops. Plant garlic and shallots for a spring harvest, and continue to seed leafy greens such as kale, spinach, and arugula. These can provide delicious salads even into the winter months.
3. Garden Cleanup: Clear away spent plants and any debris that might harbor pests or diseases. Compost the healthy material, but discard any infected plants to prevent issues in the next growing season.
4. Mulching and Soil Care: Apply a thick layer of mulch to your garden beds to protect the soil over winter. Adding organic matter, such as compost or shredded leaves, will improve soil structure and provide nutrients for next spring’s growth.
5. Plan for Next Year: Take some time to reflect on this year’s garden. Note what worked well and what didn’t. This is a great opportunity to start planning for next year’s crops and garden layout.
6. Protect Perennials: For perennial plants, consider adding a layer of mulch around their base to insulate the roots against freezing temperatures. If you have tender perennials, such as certain types of hydrangeas, now is the time to cover them or move them to a sheltered location.

By following this October checklist, you’ll ensure your Zone 7a garden is well-prepared for the colder months while still enjoying the beauty and bounty of fall. Happy gardening, and here’s to a fruitful harvest season!

Everything you need for a successful growing season

As the summer garden season comes to a close, we are looking back at a truly unique growing season. The sweltering heat and sun presented quite a challenge for gardeners this season, with even the most reliable crops struggling to keep up (did anyone else miss their yearly bumper crop of tomatoes?). Never to be deterred, we are rolling our sleeves up and looking forward to what we hope to be a productive fall garden. If you’re planning to plant cold-hardy crops, follow along with this month’s checklist.

Don’t miss our August garden checklist if you need to play a bit of catch up.

Indoors

If you have any houseplants that have been summering outside, now is the time to bring them indoors. Give them a blast of water to remove any pests who may have made the plant their home before bringing them indoors, and continue to inspect them for a few weeks to ensure they’re all clear.

If you grew any storage vegetables (potatoes, carrots, onions, winter squash), September is a great time to organize your storage space. Use this time to preserve the excess by canning, freezing, or drying your produce. This not only reduces waste but also allows you to enjoy garden-fresh flavors year-round.

Outdoors

There is still plenty to be done outdoors—and we’ll happily enjoy the beautiful weather while we work.

Leaf lettuce, Swiss chard, spinach, parsnips, peas, Brussels sprouts, kale, broccoli, and radishes can all be planted in September for a fall harvest. You can continue harvesting second plantings of these cool season vegetables, and some even benefit from enhanced flavor after frost.

Dig up potatoes and sweet potatoes and cure them for storage while the weather is still warm.

By following this August garden checklist, you’ll keep your Zone 7A garden thriving through the hottest part of the year. Stay diligent with watering, pest control, and planning for future planting to enjoy a productive and beautiful garden all season long.

Harvest pumpkins, squashes, and gourds before the first frost, taking care to not knick the rind in the process, as that will speed up deterioration.

Fall is also a great time to take care of your beds and improve your garden soil if you’re not planting a fall garden. Mulch over your beds for the winter or add soil amendments such as manure, compost, and leaves (of which we will have an abundance soon!). Wood ashes are also great sources of phosphorus, potassium, and calcium and can be a great addition to your soil.

The Art of Native Plant Gardens

By: Lindsey Cline-Shrader

In garden design, native plants aren’t only chosen for their adaptability and ecological benefits; a growing trend embraces the beauty of native plant gardens. Native plants are celebrated for their striking aesthetic potential and following fundamental design principles helps maximize their beauty. From pairing plants for color and texture to mastering scale and color theory, designing with nature has never been more rewarding.

Scale

Scale refers to the size of elements in the overall space. In large suburban or rural yards, mature trees, a forest, or built elements like pergolas help fill the space and create a sense of scale that matches the garden’s size. The mistake I often see is making small, colorful perennial beds that demand maintenance but quickly get lost in an ample space. This leaves the gardener, as I’ve frequently felt, overwhelmed. 

Instead, plant in drifts or clusters of the same species to create a strong visual impact and avoid a scattered look. Large swathes of a few plant species unify an expansive landscape. Use natural materials like stone walls or boulders to blend the garden seamlessly with its surroundings. A well-placed fence or hedge can make the scale more manageable and break up the space.

In expansive gardens, open spaces or lawns provide a visual break.
Balance these areas with planted sections to avoid monotony with too much lawn and prevent chaos with too many planting beds.

In smaller urban gardens, compact plants and furnishings make the space harmonious. Here, the key is to use layers of smaller trees, then shrubs and perennials to bring the canopy down to earth and balance the space. For smaller spaces, consider smaller drifts of three to five plants to create interest. 

Creating Visual Hierarchy

Creating a visual hierarchy guides the viewer’s eye through the garden. Each garden area or “room” should have one focal point: a flowering shrub, bright perennials, a garden shed, a fountain, or a hardscape element like a fireplace or fire pit. To add impact, surround the focal point with ground covers and perhaps a dwarf tree. This layering technique adds depth and interest, ensuring no element overwhelms the space.

If hardscapes create the focal point, plantings are vital to softening them and creating harmonious spaces. Plants mitigate the harshness of stone or concrete by adding warmth, texture, and color. Limiting hardscape areas to specific purposes, such as pathways or seating areas, prevents them from overwhelming the garden’s natural beauty. 

Color Pairings

Color theory can help guide a visually stunning garden. Harmonious color schemes, such as monochromatic (different shades of the same color), analogous (colors next to each other on the color wheel), and complementary (colors opposite each other on the color wheel), can enhance your garden’s aesthetic in unique ways.

Monochromatic Color Schemes

For a serene and cohesive look, consider a monochromatic scheme using shades of green or white and green. This style works particularly well in shady spaces and around quiet seating areas. Native ground-covering grasses like Carex (my favorite is Carex vulpinoidea) provide a tranquil backdrop. Layering multiple leaf shapes and sizes over the base grass adds depth and interest while maintaining a soothing space. 

Analogous Color Schemes

Analogous color schemes incorporate colors adjacent to each other on the color wheel. This style brings harmony and unity to the garden, creating a cohesive look that’s perfect for gathering areas, outdoor dining spaces, and often for front or back entrances. The smooth transitions between colors create a sense of comfort and tranquility, making these areas feel welcoming.

Complementary Color Schemes

Complementary color schemes (colors opposite on the color wheel, such as blue and orange) attract attention and create lively, engaging environments. They are perfect for bold entrances, focal points, or larger entertainment spaces.

Warm Color Schemes

Warm colors, such as reds, oranges, and yellows, create a sense of warmth, energy, and vibrancy. These colors evoke excitement: warm colors advance toward the viewer, naturally drawing the eye and making spaces feel dynamic or further enhancing focal points. Warm colors thrive in sunny spots, where the natural light enhances their brightness and intensity.    

Cool Color Schemes

Cool colors, including blues, greens, and purples, evoke calmness, serenity, and a sense of spaciousness. These colors recede from the viewer, making spaces feel extensive and tranquil.

Cool colors perform well in shaded or moist areas, where their subtle tones can create a refreshing feel. Their receding nature can give the illusion of depth and distance, making compact areas feel more expansive.

Plant Textures

Plant textures add depth and contrast, particularly to monochromatic spaces. Fine-textured plants, such as grasses or ferns, bring a delicate, airy quality, ideal for lightness and movement. These can be strategically placed near pathways or seating areas to draw the eye and soften hard edges. Coarse-textured plants, like large-leaved vines or shrubs, provide a dramatic contrast and can serve as striking focal points. By layering and contrasting these textures, you can create a balanced yet dynamic garden.

Designing with native plants allows for a harmonious blend of ecological benefits and aesthetic appeal, creating beautiful and sustainable gardens. You can transform any space into a stunning natural haven by carefully considering scale, visual hierarchy, and color theory. Embrace the art of native plant gardening to enjoy a landscape that thrives with minimal maintenance while offering a captivating visual experience.

Plants and Strategies to Attract Bees, Butterflies, and Other Pollinators

The late summer garden can still be a vibrant hub of activity. For gardeners and nature enthusiasts, this period offers a crucial opportunity to support and attract pollinators like bees, butterflies, and other beneficial insects. These creatures are vital for the health of our ecosystems and the productivity of our gardens. 

The Importance of Pollinators

Pollinators play a pivotal role in the reproduction of many plants, including those that produce fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, and other insects transfer pollen from one flower to another, facilitating the fertilization process. This not only results in the production of seeds and fruits but also maintains biodiversity and the health of ecosystems. However, pollinator populations are declining due to habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change. Creating pollinator-friendly environments can help reverse this trend.

Late Summer Blooms: Key Plants for Pollinators 

To attract and sustain pollinators in late summer, it’s essential to provide a variety of flowering plants that bloom during this period. Here are some top choices: 

1. Echinacea (Coneflower)

   1. Description: Known for their large, daisy-like flowers with a prominent central cone, echinaceas are a favorite among bees and butterflies.
   2. Benefits: These hardy perennials provide nectar and pollen from late summer into early fall, ensuring a food source when other flowers have faded. 

2. Solidago (Goldenrod)

   1. Description: Often unfairly blamed for hay fever, goldenrods are excellent nectar sources for late summer pollinators.
   2. Benefits: They support a wide range of insects, including bees, butterflies, and beetles, with their bright yellow blooms. 

3. Helianthus (Sunflower)

   1. Description: These towering plants with their cheerful yellow flowers are not only beautiful but also highly attractive to a variety of pollinators.
   2. Benefits: Sunflowers provide both nectar and pollen, and their seeds are a bonus food source for birds.

4. Sedum (Stonecrop)

   1. Description: Sedums are succulents with clusters of star-shaped flowers that bloom in late summer.
   2. Benefits: They are particularly attractive to bees and butterflies, offering rich nectar supplies.

5. Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium)

   1. Description: With its tall stature and clusters of pinkish-purple flowers, Joe-Pye Weed is a magnet for butterflies.
   2. Benefits: This native perennial provides abundant nectar during late summer, supporting migrating monarchs and other butterflies.

Strategies to Enhance Pollinator Habitats 

Providing the right plants is just the beginning. Implementing effective strategies can further enhance the attractiveness of your garden to pollinators. 

1. Diverse Planting

   1. Approach: Plant a variety of flowers with different shapes, colors, and blooming times.
   2. Impact: This ensures that pollinators have access to food throughout the growing season and attracts a broader range of species. 

2. Native Plants

   1. Approach: Incorporate native plants that have co-evolved with local pollinators.
   2. Impact: Native plants are often more attractive and beneficial to local pollinator species compared to exotic plants. 

3. Pesticide Reduction

   1. Approach: Avoid using pesticides, or opt for organic and pollinator-friendly options. 
   2. Impact: Pesticides can be harmful to pollinators, so reducing their use helps create a safer environment. 

4. Water Sources

   1. Approach: Provide shallow water sources, such as bird baths with stones for landing.
   2. Impact: Pollinators need water for hydration, especially during hot weather. 

5. Habitat Features

   1. Approach: Include features like bee hotels, brush piles, and bare patches of soil.
   2. Impact: These features offer nesting and shelter opportunities for various pollinators. 

By focusing on late summer plants and adopting strategies to create a pollinator-friendly environment, gardeners can play a significant role in supporting these essential creatures. The rewards are not only a more vibrant and productive garden but also the satisfaction of contributing to the health and diversity of our natural world.